禮的「俗化」與「宗教化」--以現代中國的婚禮與喪禮為例 台灣 高雄師範大學 杜明德/“Secularization” and “Religion” of Ceremony––Modern Chinese Wedding and Funeral

摘要 中國號為「禮義之邦」，「禮」對於中國人、家族、歷史、文化、政治發展等各方面都有深遠的影響。在傳統中國，「禮」的內涵包括貴族的飲食、婚姻、喪葬、祭祀等；而其傳播的型態，則主要透過儒家三《禮》經典及儒者講授，屬於貴族之學。但「禮」做為一般人民生活的規範準則，很早就出現「俗化」的現象，此在近現代中國人的婚禮儀式中甚為明顯。從另一個角度而言，「禮」的起源，與宗教相關；而宗教理論也可以彌補「禮」在形上思想的不足，因此，「禮」也可能出現「宗教化」的現象，此在近現代中國人的喪葬儀式中亦甚為明顯。本文將針對這兩個現象加以探討。 關鍵字：禮、婚禮、喪禮、俗化、宗教化 Although “etiquette” is the essence of traditional culture in China, due to the development of modern society, its perspective should include the requirement of human sympathy, transformation of objects, and the role or duty associated with one’s title so that an appropriate manner can be well maintained. The times have changed and if the traditional etiquette cannot follow the steps of civilization, it will be eliminated. Contemporary Chinese weddings have become popularized and funerals religionized; however, they cannot completely meet the expectations of the Confucianists, but rather follow the development of etiquette, while conforming to the principles underlying the legislation and implementation of the rules of etiquette. Furthermore, integration can be found in the phenomenon of popularized weddings and religionized funerals, fully making it obvious that religious behavior has combined with the local wedding ceremonies. Because of the influence of Taoism and Buddhism, local folklore characteristics can be seen in funeral rites. As a result, if the connotations of the etiquette are maintained, whether it is a popularized or religionized ceremony, such etiquette can still be accepted by the society.